隐秘在斯里兰卡的丛林中， hidden in the jungles of Sri Lanka,
一群非常特殊的猴子，在寺庙废墟中漫步 a very special group of monkeys roams the temple ruins.
我们对这些绒帽猕猴的了解，比地球上任何其他猴子都多， we know more about these toque macaques than any other monkeys on earth,
从骄傲的头领雄性多米到长期受苦的珀平， from proud alpha male Domi to long suffering Poppin,
一只失败最底层的雌性 a female at the bottom of the heap.
这片森林里的每只猴子，都被命名并跟踪 every monkey in this forest has been named and followed
从它诞生的那天起， since the day it was born,
感谢一个人， thanks to one man,
沃尔夫冈·迪图斯， Wolfgang Dittus,
近50年来，他一直在研究这部难以置信的肥皂剧 who's been studying them for almost 50 years documenting the incredible soap opera
猴群内部的生活 that is life within the troop.
他的工作，使他成为一个精英科学家群体 his work puts him in an elite group of scientists.
简，他热衷于研究长期历史 Jane,he had a passion to follow the long-term history.
这将为您提供，可以与他人分享的故事 this gives you stories that you can share with people.
追踪这些猕猴长达半个世纪，沃尔夫冈一生都在讲述故事 half a century spent following these macaques has given Wolfgang a lifetime of stories to tell.
在斯里兰卡东北部， in northeast Sri Lanka,
被丛林深深覆盖的， swallowed by the jungle,
是波隆纳鲁瓦古城的遗迹 are the remains of the ancient city of Polonnaruwa.
这里曾经是斯里兰卡的首都， this was once Sri Lanka's capital,
但是一千年前，人类搬出去了，猴子迁移进来了 but a thousand years ago the humans moved out and monkeys moved in.
这支40只猴群中的头号人物是多米 the alpha male in this 40-strong troop is Domi.
14岁的年纪， at 14 years old,
它年富力强，长着可怕的犬牙 he's in his prime large, strong, and armed with fearsome canines.
七年前它和它的兄弟们一起加入了这支猴群 he migrated into this troop with his brothers seven years ago
它一直在努力提升自己的地位 and has worked his way up the ranks.
它升为头领需要综合体能 his rise to alpha required a mix of physical prowess
和政治技巧 and political skill.
许多雄性为了成为头领而死亡， many males die trying to become alpha,
但是，目前，多米获得了回报-- but, for now, Domi reaps the rewards--
成为该猴群大多数年轻猴的父亲 the right to father most of the group's young.
多米的猴群是一个紧密联系的社会团体 Domi's troop is a tight-knit social group
由亲缘关系密切的雌性及其幼崽组成 made up of closely related females and their young.
年轻雄性试图加入其他猴群， young males try to join from other troops,
就像多米曾经做的那样 like Domi once did.
所以多米总是有年轻的挑战者 so Domi always has young pretenders
盯着它的位置 eyeing his position.
每只猴子都会不断被提醒 every monkey is constantly reminded
它在这个严格的等级制度中的地位 of its place in this strict hierarchy.
像杰姆扎，这样的高级雌性对任何食物都有优先选择权 high-ranking females like Jemuza have first pick of any food.
而且她不用担心自己的统治地位 and she isn't afraid to assert her dominance.
但地位较低的雌性，象珀平， but low-ranking females, like Poppin,
不得不在猴群边缘谋生 have to scrape a living on the fringes of the group.
多米的猴群，只是波隆纳鲁瓦33群已确认的猴群之一 Domi's troop is just one of 33 identified troops in Polonnaruwa.
它们的领土不断受到占优势的邻居的威胁 their territory is under constant threat from dominant neighbors.
尤其是当它们土地上的树木结出果实时 especially when the trees on their patch come into fruit.
这些更强大的团体将驱赶多米的猴群 these bigger, stronger groups will evict Domi's troop
并霸占水果 to claim the fruit for themselves.
今天我们对猴子的生活有了深刻的了解 today we have a deep understanding of monkey life.
50年前，一个叫沃尔夫冈·迪图斯的年轻研究生来到这里， when a young grad student called Wolfgang Dittus arrived here 50 years ago,
在史密森学会任职， on assignment with the Smithsonian institution,
没人料到猕猴的生活如此复杂 no one guessed macaque life was so complicated.
沃尔夫冈·迪图斯：当我们想到野生猴子时 Wolfgang Dittus: when we think of wild monkeys
生活在自然栖息地， living in their natural habitat,
我们认为，它们有多么美好的天堂般的生活 we think, oh, what a wonderful paradise kind of life they have.
但它们每天90%的时间都在找吃的东西 but they spend 90% of the day looking for something to eat.
它们在这里捡拾昆虫的碎片， they pick up small bits and pieces an insect here,
一片小叶子， a small leaf here,
到处都是食物 a grub here and there.
直到你真的跟着它们 it's not until you actually follow them
再仔细研究一下 and study them a little bit closer
你能意识到，它们的生活是多么艰难 that you realize how difficult life for them can be.
沃尔夫冈所做的就是跟踪猕猴 and following the macaques is exactly what Wolfgang has done
自从他1968年来到这里， ever since he arrived here in 1968,
使它们成为世界上研究得最全面的猴子 making these the best-studied monkeys in the world.
在我们的数据库中 in our data bank
我们已经确认了5000多只猴子， we have more than 5,000 individual monkeys identified,
我们监控了它们的行为和命运 and we've monitored their behaviors and fates.
就像成千上万的人生故事 as these thousands of life stories
从头到尾都在玩， have played out from start to finish,
一幅由社会等级主导的猕猴世界的图景，已经浮出水面 a picture has emerged of a world dominated by social climbing.
在这个复杂的社会里， in this complex society,
就像我们自己的一样， just like our own,
每个母亲都希望自己的孩子得到最好的 every mother wants the best for her child.
追踪每只猴子的成长和性格， by tracking the upbringing and character of every single monkey,
沃尔夫冈已经了解 Wolfgang has gained an understanding
成功的猕猴需要什么 of what it takes to be a successful macaque.
有些母亲非常 some mothers are very
想保护它们的孩子 sort of protective of their young.
它们不喜欢出去探索 they don't like them to go out and explore.
而另一些母亲则更为放任 whereas other mothers are more laissez faire.
它们允许它们的孩子到处跑，和其他猴子一起玩 they allow their youngsters to run around and play with others.
你将发现， and what you find,
最终那些被抚养长大的 that eventually the ones who have been raised
以自由放任的方式， in the laissez faire kind of approach,
它们更加自信， they're a lot more confident,
它们更有可能获得社会的高阶层 they're more likely to achieve high rank.
也许是我们自己社会进化的线索 clues perhaps to our own social evolution.
多年来，沃尔夫冈一直在关注 over the years, Wolfgang's watched
成千上万只猴的兴衰 the rise and fall of thousands of individuals.
他目睹了猴群之间的战争 he's witnessed wars between troops...
观察它们温和的一面 observed their gentler side...
记录了它们严格的等级制度 documented their strict hierarchy.
他克服了困难 and he's overcome the odds
让他的研究持续半个世纪 to keep his study going for half a century.
20世纪60年代的大学生， as a university student in the 1960s,
沃尔夫冈没想到 Wolfgang couldn't have guessed
他会在这片森林里度过余生 that he would call this forest home for the rest of his life.
学习不同的生物学课程 taking different courses in biology
在大学层面， at the university level,
我真的对动物交流很感兴趣 I really got interested in animal communication.
如果我要做动物交往研究， if I'm going to do animal communication,
为什么我不在灵长类动物身上做呢， why don't I do it in a primate,
这就是你知道的， which is, you know,
一种更复杂的动物 one of the more sophisticated animal species about.
通过一次偶然事件， and by serendipitous events,
我在斯里兰卡实施 I landed in Sri Lanka
史密森生物计划 with the Smithsonian biological program.
1968年， in 1968,
沃尔夫冈是在一个激动人心的时刻，抵达斯里兰卡的 Wolfgang arrived in Sri Lanka at an exciting time.
四年前， four years earlier,
灵长类动物学家 休里普利 在波隆纳鲁瓦建立了一个史密森研究营 primatologist sue ripley had established a Smithsonian research camp in Polonnaruwa.
现在研究团队正在扩大 now the research team was expanding
包括几位经验丰富的生物学家 to include several more seasoned biologists.
沃尔夫冈是一名相当于新秀的成员，接受了为期18个月的任务 with them was Wolfgang a comparative rookie on an 18-month assignment.
我很幸运加入了史密森尼团队 I was actually very fortunate to join the Smithsonian team
因为这是一个非常非正式的课堂 because it was a very informal kind of classroom
我有幸向这些资深科学家学习 that I had the privilege of learning from these more senior scientists.
波隆纳鲁瓦的选择很有启发性 the choice of Polonnaruwa was an inspired one.
废墟长期以来一直是祈祷的地方， the ruins had long been a place of prayer,
因此，动物们更习惯于人类的存在 and so the animals were more used to human presence.
猕猴是最显眼的， the macaques were most visible of all,
被视为命运的转折，将影响沃尔夫冈的余生 and seen as unremarkable a twist of fate that would shape the rest of Wolfgang's life.
我是最后一个被招募的成员， I was the last member to be recruited,
以及资深灵长类动物学家， and the senior established primatologists,
他们已经选择了他们最喜欢的物种， they had already selected their favorite species,
当然是上镜的灰叶猴 of course the photogenic gray langur
还有同样上镜的紫脸叶猴， and the equally photogenic purple-faced langur,
没有人真的想做这些丑陋的猕猴 and nobody really wanted to do these ugly-looking macaques.
因此，迪图斯被指派去做猕猴研究， and so, Dittus was assigned to do the macaques,
那是我的巨大好运，因为猕猴， and that was my great fortune because the macaques,
社交方面它们更活跃， socially they're so much more lively,
复杂，比其他物种更具互动性 sophisticated, and interactive than are the other species.
靠运气， through luck,
与沃尔夫冈建立合作关系 a partnership formed that would see Wolfgang
把他的精力致力于这些猴群研究 devoting his life to these monkeys.
但这并不是与猕猴的一见钟情 but it wasn't love at first sight for the macaques.
第一天， day one,
我真不能那么靠近动物 I really couldn't get all that close to the animals.
离我一百米远， a hundred meters from me,
它们会跑 and they would, uh, they would run.
而且要找到猴群，并不总是那么容易 and it wasn't always that easy to find the monkeys.
大约50年前，这片森林相当茂密 the forest was fairly thick and dense about 50 years ago.
当我找到猴群的时候， when I did find the monkeys,
它们并不总是很高兴看到我跟着， they were not always happy to see me following them,
因此，猴群又经过几个星期和几个月的时间才真正习惯了我的存在 so it took a few more weeks and months to actually habituate them to my presence.
我会做一些看似愚蠢的事情，比如， I would do silly things like, you know,
对这片叶子感兴趣， interest in this leaf,
看着这片叶子 look at this leaf.
这让猴群平静下来 that sort of calmed them down.
好像，我对它们一点也不感兴趣 I mean, I wasn't interested in them at all.
如果有猴子威胁我，我显然会后退 and if somebody threatened me, I obviously moved back.
我没不挑战威胁 I didn't challenge the threat.
从某种意义上说，这也很有趣 and it was interesting also in the sense
最年轻的动物，好奇的动物， that the youngest animals, the ones who were curious,
它们是最容易习惯的 they were the easiest to habituate.
一些年长的雌性猴，老太太， some of the elder females, the old ladies,
它们不信任这个外来的人 they didn't trust this foreign person
就这样跟着它们一起走 walking with them like that at all.
最终，沃尔夫冈被接受 eventually, Wolfgang was accepted.
或者至少他认为他是 or at least he thought he was.
起初，我留着胡子，就像现在一样 at the beginning, I wore a beard, like I do now.
我去了科伦坡，大城市， and I went to Colombo, the big city,
等我刮了胡子回来， and I shaved, and I came back,
你都不会相信， and, wouldn't you know it,
这些动物其实更怕我？ these animals were actually more shy of me?
我真的很惊讶，它们的感知是多么精细 it really astounded me how, how fine-grained their perceptions are
它们的环境，包括我 of their environment, including me.
猕猴需要高度适应面部和外表 macaques need to be highly tuned to faces and appearance
因为它们广泛的社交网络 because of their extended social network.
它们必须知道，周围的每个人谁是朋友，谁是敌人 they have to know who everyone around them is friends and enemies.
我意识到，这对我来说也很重要 I realized how that's also important for me.
我需要能够将它们作为个体区分开来； I need to be able to distinguish them as individuals;
不仅仅是成年雄性或成年雌性 not just as an adult male or an adult female.
这还不够好 that's just not good enough.
当时很少有科学家 few scientists at the time
调查一个野生灵长类动物群 had surveyed a wild primate group
能够如此详细 in such detail.
像1960年的简·古道尔这样的先驱 pioneers like jane goodall in 1960
已开始识别个体 had identified individuals.
她因给野生黑猩猩取名字而受到批评 she was criticized for giving wild chimpanzees names.
这被认为是不科学的 it was seen as unscientific.
但这有助于她了解该组织的内部运作 but it helped her to understand the inner workings of the group.
沃尔夫冈独立得出了同样的结论 Wolfgang had independently come to the same conclusion.
在他18个月的研究中， in his 18-month study,
他计划绘制了年龄，性别、等级 he planned to chart the ages, gender, and rank
尽可能多的动物， of as many animals as he could a massive undertaking,
这是以前没人做过的事 and something no one had done before.
他需要一种方法来跟踪周围的面孔 he needed a way to keep track of the faces surrounding him.
所以他开始画个性化的卡片， so he began to draw personalized cards,
帮助识别每一只猕猴 identifying every single macaque.
这是一个系统的诞生 this was the birth of a system
这是沃尔夫冈整个研究的基础 that's the bedrock of Wolfgang's entire study.
它身上有个红点，， he's got that red spot up there,,
它耳朵上有个伤口， he's got that cut in the ear,
那有点厚 that's a little bit thicker.
对我来说幸运的是，这只绒帽猕猴 luckily for me, the toque macaques
有很多个人标志 have a lot of individualistic marks.
它们有不同的发型， they have different hair-dos,
它们脸上有小红点和黑点 and they've got little red and black spots in the face.
猴子身上有很多斑纹 there are so many markings on a monkey
这可以帮助我们创建条形码 that help us to create a barcode, so to speak.
现在他认出了每个个体， now that he recognized each individual,
它们的关系和互动更具意义 their relationships and interactions took on more meaning.
在雌性中， In the females,
年迈的霍尼塔总是让位于年幼的玛雅 elderly Honita always gave way to the juvenile Maya.
年轻的法尤姆总是支持它的兄弟们-- young male Fayum always supported his brothers
在雄性之间的争斗中 in fights between males.
母亲们偏爱最小的兄弟姐妹 mothers favored the youngest sibling.
沃尔夫冈慢慢地解开了一个复杂的猴群结构 slowly, Wolfgang was unraveling a sophisticated group structure.
我从早到晚跟着猴子 I followed the monkeys from dawn to dusk.
我想得到一个很好的理解 I wanted to get a really good understanding
猴子生命中的一天是如何进步的 of how a day in the life of a monkey progresses.
这个社会的猴子一天有何不同 and how does a monkey's day in this society differ
根据它的年龄、性别和等级？ according to its age and sex and rank?
所以我跟踪了小群组中的每一只 so I followed each and every individual in the group
有时连续几天 for days on end sometimes.
当猴子们习惯了沃尔夫冈， as the monkeys became used to Wolfgang,
他能够了解整个猴群的性格 he was able to get to know the whole group their personalities...
它们的关系和习惯 their relationships and their habits.
过了一会儿，他注意到了一些奇怪的事情 after a while, he noticed something strange.
我开始跟踪的猴群， the group that I had been starting with,
它们没有足够的数量 they didn't have a sufficient number
婴儿和青少年雌性 of infant and juvenile females.
所以我想，这不会给我 so I thought, ok, this is not going to give me
一幅平衡的社会图景， a balanced picture of what society is all about,
所以我去了另一组猴群， so I went to another group,
我也发现了同样的问题， and I found the same problem there,
所以我去了第三群组和第四群组 so I went to a third group and a fourth group.
嘿，等一下，这是一种模式 hey, wait a minute, this is a pattern.
这里发生了一些奇怪的事情 there's something weird going on here.
每个猴群的年轻雌性都较少 the lack of young females in every troop
这是一个让沃尔夫冈感到困惑的问题 was a puzzle that got under Wolfgang's skin.
因此，他调查了神秘森林中的所有猴群 so he surveyed all the monkeys in the sacred forest.
当时，这是18个群 at that time, this was 18 troops.
这花了他一年多的时间 it took him over a year.
当他完成的时候， when he'd finished,
沃尔夫冈已经确定了年龄，等级，和性别 Wolfgang had identified the age, rank, and gender
456个体 of 456 individuals.
这些数据需要很多年才能解锁 it would take many years before this data would unlock
失踪雌性的秘密 the mystery of the missing females.
沃尔夫冈想与其他人分享他的观察结果 Wolfgang wanted to share his observations with others
以一种超越数据的方式 in a way that went beyond the data.
所以他向史密森学会要了一台相机 so he asked the Smithsonian institution for a camera.
行为就是移动 behavior is movement.
所以，我想在影片中录制一些， so, I wanted to record some of this on film,
我得到了一个手缠绕的Bolex相机 and I was given a hand-wound bolex camera.
但是拍摄快速移动的猴子并不容易 but capturing the fast-moving monkeys wasn't going to be easy.
你有20秒的时间来拍摄一些东西 you have a 20-second window to film something.
我不得不再次倒带 I had to rewind the thing again.
比如梳毛行为、睡觉和觅食， for things like grooming behavior and sleeping and foraging,
实际上，那是一次很好的经历 that was a good experience, actually.
但是，同时， but, at the same time,
对于一些复杂的行为，比如正在发展的攻击性事件， for some sophisticated behaviors like there's an aggressive event that's developing,
至少会持续两到三年 and it's going to play out for at least two or three
如果不是五分钟， if not five minutes,
你只有一个20秒的窗口 and you have a 20-second window.
这是一个难以完成的挑战 it's a challenge that was too much to accomplish
用这个简单的相机 with this simple camera.
它一点也不知道，这是第一次在银幕上亮相 little did he know this screen debut was to be the first of many times
有魅力的猕猴吸引了人们的眼球 the charismatic macaques grabbed the limelight.
即使经过50年的观察， even after 50 years of observation,
日常生活中的小谜团继续提供新的启示 the small everyday mysteries continue to provide new revelations.
今天，沃夫冈正在寻找其中一只雌性 today, Wolfgang is looking for one of the females
来自池塘的 波塔附近的团队 from the group near the pond Pointa.
几天前， a couple of days ago,
突然她带着一个很小的婴儿出现了， suddenly she turns up with this really young infant,
不可能超过两周大 couldn't have been more than two weeks old.
她是怎么做到的，这是个谜 how she got that is a mystery.
已看到波塔 Pointa was seen
抱着和照顾这个孩子 carrying and caring for this baby
24小时工作至少两天 round the clock for at least two days.
但沃尔夫冈知道，她自己的孩子最近去世了 but Wolfgang knows her own baby had recently died.
婴儿显然不属于波塔， the infant obviously did not belong to Pointa,
尽管波塔对它表现得很母性 although Pointa behaved very maternally towards it.
但是她所有的关心和保护中， but for all her care and protection,
她不能产奶， she couldn't produce milk,
婴儿绝望了 and the infant was desperate.
它做了些什么 it did something
这对于那个年龄的婴儿来说是不寻常的 that's unusual for an infant of that age.
它开始寻找森林地面上的食物 it began to forage on foods found on the forest floor.
沃尔夫冈急切地想知道，孩子是否活着 Wolfgang is anxious to see whether the baby's still alive.
婴儿不太可能活下来 it's unlikely the infant could survive
没有妈妈的奶水 without its mother's milk.
啊，波塔 ah, there's Pointa.
而且她没有孩子 and she does not have the infant.
几天来，波塔已经竭尽所能了 for days, Pointa had done all she could.
沃尔夫冈从未见过猴子投入这么多-- Wolfgang has never seen a monkey invest so much
在一个不是自己的婴儿身上 in a completely unrelated infant.
这不是一个简单的解释 that doesn't have an easy explanation.
我的意思是，你应该自己抱孩子，是的， I mean, you should pick up your own infants, yes,
大量投入，促进它们的生存， invest a lot and promote their survival,
把你的基因传给后代 pass your genes on to the future generations.
它们为什么要为别人的孩子做这些 why are they doing this for somebody else's infant
它们甚至不知道？ that they don't even know?
那一定是互惠利他主义，你知道的 that must be reciprocal altruism, you know.
它们这样做是因为在社会的某个时刻， they do that sort of thing because at some point in time within society,
这种行为会得到回报， that kind of behavior will be reciprocated,
所以通过参与这种利他主义行为， so by participating in this sort of altruistic act,
它的基因留在群体中 the genes for it stay in the population
因为最终它会让你或你的孩子受益 because eventually it will benefit you or your children.
在人类社会中， in human society,
互惠利他主义是指无关的人 reciprocal altruism means an unrelated person
从他人无私的善举中获益匪浅 benefits greatly from another's unselfish act of kindness.
这是一种复杂的进化策略 it's a sophisticated evolutionary strategy
这意味着社会整体受益 that means society benefits overall.
我们已经开始在黑猩猩等高等动物中认识到这一点 we have started to recognize it in higher animals like chimps.
但波塔在照顾无关婴儿 but Pointa's care of the unrelated infant
表明此行为 suggests this behavior
可能比我们想象的要追溯得更远 may go back further than we think.
到1972年， by 1972,
沃尔夫冈全神贯注于他的研究 Wolfgang had become deeply engrossed in his research.
他呆的时间比计划的18个月要长得多 he'd stayed much longer than the planned 18 months.
但史密森尼学会的钱快花光了 but the Smithsonian money was running out.
他不情愿地离开猴子回美国去了 reluctantly, he left the monkeys to go back to America.
他无法停止思考 he couldn't stop thinking
关于失踪年轻雌性的秘密 about the mystery of the missing young females.
他开始起草一种理论 he began to formulate a theory.
雌性婴儿的缺乏 could this dearth of female infants
由故意的策略引起 be caused by an intentional strategy
在婴儿早期偏爱雄性？ to favor males in early infancy?
雄性的体形是雌性的两倍 males grow up to twice the size of females.
它们需要高大强壮 they need to be big and strong
当它们长大成人时， by the time they become young adults,
当它们就得离开母亲的猴群 when they have to leave their mother's group
在一支新的队伍中寻找伴侣 to find mates in a new troop.
新猴群中的原先居住的雄性 the resident males in the new group
会嫉妒地保护它们的雌性 jealously guard their females.
即将到来的雄性有被杀死的风险 incoming males risk being killed.
只有强壮的雄性，像多米， only strong males, like Domi,
能成功加入一支新的队伍 will succeed in joining a new troop
并繁殖后代 and siring offspring.
给一个儿子投入的时间往往 so the time to invest in a son
处于婴儿期， is in infancy,
帮助它快速成长 helping him to grow quickly
增加它成功的几率 and increase his odds of success.
一个女儿一生都和她母亲的猴群在一起， a daughter stays with her mother's troop her whole life,
以缓慢的、稳定的速度繁殖 reproducing at a slow, steady pace.
她从母亲的投入中受益 she benefits from her mother's investment
贯穿她的生活中 throughout her life.
但，婴儿时期， but, as infants,
女儿有点被忽视了 daughters are somewhat neglected.
因此，它们中有更多的在年幼时早逝 as a result, more of them die young.
这是一个理论， It was a theory,
但是数据会支持沃尔夫冈的预判吗？ but would the numbers back up Wolfgang's hunch?
经过三年半的数据收集 after three and a half years gathering data
在近500只猴子身上， on nearly 500 monkeys,
他接近解锁-- he was close to unlocking
失踪雌性婴儿的秘密 the mystery of the missing infant females.
这些数字能证实整个猕猴数量 would the numbers confirm that entire populations
区别对待雄性和雌性婴儿？ treat male and female infants differently?
右侧，黑白， right there, in black and white,
不可否认，有数据说明 there was the data, undeniably.
雄性和雌性出生的数量相等 males and females were born in equal numbers.
但超过一半的女儿在第一年就去世了； but more than half of daughters died in their first year;
而三分之二的儿子还活着 whereas two thirds of sons were surviving.
我没有犯错误 I hadn't made a mistake
我早期选择的团队 with my early selection of groups.
这是一个真实的模式 it's a real pattern.
雄性，然后，出现死亡率高峰 males, then, had a mortality spike
6岁或7岁时， at age 6 or 7,
就在它们开始分散和战斗的时候 right when they start dispersing and fighting.
总体，当它们成年时， overall, by the time they're adults,
猕猴数量中男女的平衡 the balance of males and females in a population
平衡 evens out.
沃尔夫冈的数据揭示了一个关键因素 Wolfgang's data revealed a key factor
影响着每一只小猴子的生活 affecting the life of every young monkey.
所以，今天， so, today,
当我们看到像德克斯特这样的年轻雄性受到青睐时， when we see young males, like Dexter here, being favored,
而拉拉被忽略了， while lala is ignored,
我们知道为什么 we know why.
母亲在婴儿身上投资更多 mothers invest more in their infant sons
忽视它们的女儿， and neglect their infant daughters,
甚至可以为雄性生产更丰富的乳汁-- even to the extent of producing richer milk for males--
我们现在知道，这在人类身上也是真实的 something we now know to also be true in humans.
就像有一幅巨大的马赛克图片 it's like having a huge mosaic picture
然后这些部件开始装配在一起 and the pieces started fitting together.
部分要感谢它母亲的帮助， thanks in part to his mother's help,
伊莫泰尔正在成为一名成功的雄性 Imotel is well on his way to being a successful male.
它8岁了 he's 8 years old.
它出生在一个高级家庭 he was born into a high-ranking family
在另一群组猴群中， in another troop,
但却离开了池塘加入了这个团体 but has left to join this group by the pond.
年轻雄性的分散 this dispersal of young males
是猕猴混合基因池的方式 is the macaque's way of mixing the gene pool
防止近亲繁殖 and preventing inbreeding.
在与当地雄性进行了八个月的战斗后， after eight months of fighting with the resident males,
伊莫泰尔最终被接受 Imotel has finally been accepted
现在可以给雌性进行梳理 and is now allowed to groom the females.
突然，伊莫泰尔的前一群组 suddenly, Imotel's former group
出现在它们领土的边缘 appears on the edge of their territory.
其中，伊莫泰尔的一些兄弟 among them, some of Imotel's brothers.
母亲和青少年撤退 the mothers and juveniles retreat.
伊莫泰尔的弟弟们前进了 Imotel's younger brothers advance.
但是原居住的雄性 but the resident males
把它们赶回灌木丛 push them back into the undergrowth.
伊莫泰尔似乎犹豫不决，似乎它的忠诚有所分歧 Imotel seems hesitant, as if his loyalty is divided.
它的新团队的其他成员支持领先的雄性 the rest of his new group back up the leading males.
伊莫泰尔需要选择一方 Imotel needs to pick a side.
它已经做出了选择 he's made his choice.
它展示摇曳的树枝 his display of shaking branches
告诉它的老团队不要回来， tells his old group not to come back,
清楚地表明了它的忠诚 and clearly signals his allegiance
给它的新猴群 to his new troop.
沃尔夫冈以前见过这一切 Wolfgang has seen it all before.
像伊莫泰尔这样的少年冒充者终有一天会变得伟大 a juvenile pretender like Imotel could one day rise to greatness.
它仍然会被成年雄性追杀， he still gets chased out by the adult males,
它对它们置之不理， he gives them a wide berth,
但慢慢地，它变得融为一体了， but slowly he's becoming integrated,
随着它变大， and, as he grows larger,
增强体力， gets more physical strength,
它将处于一种位置 he will be in the position
挑战当前的雄性领导， to challenge the current male leadership,
最终它可能会接管这个团队 and eventually he might actually take over the group.
但是身体强壮 but does physical strength
决定政治成功？ determine political success?
还是反过来呢？ or is it the other way around?
随着他对等级制度的理解不断加深， with his understanding of the hierarchy deepening,
沃尔夫冈想知道猴子的等级 Wolfgang wondered whether a monkey's rank
影响其生长和状况 affected its growth and condition.
我只是想跟踪一些增长曲线 I just wanted to follow some of the growth curves
我们之前确认的一些动物， of some of the animals that we had identified earlier,
看看它们在不同年龄的体重是多少 see what their weights were at different ages.
我们设计了一种称量猕猴体重的方法 we devised a method of weighing macaques
没有真正打扰它们 without really disturbing them.
我们把天平挂在树上， we hung a scale from a tree,
在盆里放一点诱饵 put a bit of bait into the pan.
猴子会上钩， the monkey would go in for the bait,
然后我们会读取它的重量 and then we would read its weight.
在他的发现中， among his findings,
他发现排名下降的雄性 he discovered that males who fall in rank
快速减肥 rapidly lose weight.
以及高级雌性的婴儿 and the infants of high-ranking females
成长最快-- grow quickest--
社会地位如何 two clear examples of how social status
决定身体健康 dictates physical health.
人类并不陌生的东西 something not unfamiliar to humans.
到1977年， by 1977,
沃尔夫冈已经获得了新的资金来源 Wolfgang had secured a new source of funding
这将使他的研究营永久化 that would make his research camp permanent.
他的团队最早的研究之一 one of his team's first studies
解决了灵长类动物学家中一个长期存在的问题 addressed a long-standing question among primatologists.
婴儿实际上是什么时候断奶的？ when did infants actually wean?
据认为，母亲们喝了六个月的乳汁 it was thought that mothers had milk for six months.
之后，护理是为了舒适 after that,nursing was for comfort.
我们展示了， we showed,
只要婴儿嘴里有乳头， as long as an infant has a nipple in their mouth,
这不是为了舒适； it's not for comfort;
实际上是为了乳汁 it is actually for milk.
大多数圈养研究， most captive studies,
他们说婴儿在六个月前断奶 they say an infant is weaned by six months.
不可能！ no way!
在野生种群中， in the wild populations,
它们可以在2.2岁之前喝奶， they get milk up to 2.2 years old,
这是一段惊人的长时间 which is an astoundingly long period of time.
这样就解决了一个长期存在的问题 so that sort of solves a long-standing question
在灵长类文献中 in the primate literature.
到70年代末， by the late '70s,
沃尔夫冈的工作开始引起人们的注意 Wolfgang's work was starting to attract attention.
我记得1978年， I remember in 1978,
我第一次由电影摄制组访问我们的网站 I had my very first visit of a film crew to our site.
他们打算拍一部关于我们研究的纪录片， they were going to do a documentary about our study,
猴子的社交行为 the social behavior of the monkeys.
它是由奥马哈互助银行赞助的， it was sponsored by mutual of omaha,
“野生王国”节目 a "wild kingdom" show.
我记得马林·帕金斯和我 and I remember marlin Perkins and I
在节目开始时就站在这个地方附近 standing near to this very spot at the beginning of that show.
此特定区域 this particular area
是考古和自然保护区 is the archaeological and nature sanctuary
在波隆纳鲁瓦 at Polonnaruwa.
这也是超过10年的， this is also where, for over 10 years,
猕猴的仔细研究 a close study of the macaque monkeys
由沃尔夫冈博士制作 has been made by dr. Wolfgang Dittus.
我们的主要研究领域之一就在附近 one of our main research areas is close by.
我们走过去吧， let's walk over there,
也许我们可以观察到 and perhaps we can observe
途中还有其他一些本土野生动物 some other indigenous wildlife en route.
好啊 ok.
凭借他对团队的广泛了解， with his extensive knowledge of the groups,
沃尔夫冈能够吸引观众 Wolfgang was able to take the viewers
在猕猴复杂的世界里 inside the complex world of the macaques.
突然的尖叫声表明这只猕猴 a sudden screeching indicates this macaque
正受到更具支配性的威胁 is being threatened by a more dominant one above.
电影更善于描绘 a movie is much better at depicting
猴子做出的不同姿势和姿势 these different postures and gestures that monkeys make
而不是静止的照片或描述， than a still photograph or a description,
所以我特别感谢《野生王国》节目 so I'm particularly grateful to the "wild kingdom" show
把我们放在地图上 for putting us on the map.
沃尔夫冈正在完成的工作 the work being done by Wolfgang Dittus
在这个热带岛屿世界 here in this tropical island world
斯里兰卡猕猴 with the Sri Lankan macaques
极大地增加了我们的知识 is greatly increasing our knowledge
灵长类动物中一种更有趣的物种 of one of the more interesting species of primates.
它是，同时， it is, at the same time,
为科学信息做出贡献 contributing to science information
这将使人类能够确保这些猕猴 that will enable man to ensure that these macaques
不会在斯里兰卡被消灭， will not be exterminated in Sri Lanka,
无论是出于无知还是出于意图 either through ignorance or intention.
猕猴丰富的叫声， the macaques' rich range of calls,
这是电视节目的特色， which featured in the tv show,
继续引发沃尔夫冈的好奇心 continue to intrigue Wolfgang.
猴子实际上就在这里 the monkeys are actually right here.
我刚听到酷的叫声，我们到了 I just heard a Coo call. here we are, here we go.
听到那个叫声了吗？那是一个丢失的叫声 hear that call? that's a lost call.
他是他们复杂发声的专家 today, he's an expert in their complex vocalizations.
这里，拉迪在杰姆大喊威胁 here, Ladi is screaming threats up at Jemu.
然后寻求盟友的支持 then soliciting support from his allies.
沃尔夫冈被迷住了 Wolfgang became fascinated
一个他很少听到的喊叫 with a call he very rarely heard.
有一个特别的发声 there's this one particular vocalization
只要有充裕的食物，它们就会给予 that they give whenever there is a bonanza of food.
这些是非常奇怪的声音，尖锐的尖叫声 these are very peculiar sounds, the high-pitched squealy sounds.
结满果实的无花果树 the fig tree that's fully fruited
引发此叫声 elicits this call.
一堆蘑菇会引起这种叫声 a pile of mushrooms elicits this kind of call.
沃尔夫冈确信这些叫声就像语言一样， Wolfgang was convinced these calls were like language,
提供有关食物的准确信息 giving precise information about food.
它们就质量和数量进行沟通 they communicate about the quality and quantity
环境中的食物， of food in the environment,
通信专家提到 and communication experts refer to that
作为语意信号 as semantic signaling.
20世纪80年代， in the 1980s,
赋予声音特定的含义 attaching specific meanings to a sound
被认为是独一无二的人才 was considered a uniquely human talent.
沃尔夫冈强烈反对， Wolfgang was stronglyarguing otherwise,
把自己置身于科学主流之外 putting himself outside the scientific mainstream.
喊叫的没有给 the caller doesn't give it
除非有丰富的食物 unless there is a bonanza of food.
同一棵结绿色果实的树不会引起食物的叫声， the same tree with green fruit would not elicit a food call,
这里我们有明确的证据 and here we had clear evidence
那，是的，这些猴子在交流 that, yeah, these monkeys were communicating
关于它们环境中食物的质量和数量 about the quality and quantity of food in their environment.
这在某种程度上被认为在动物中很罕见或根本不存在 that was sort of thought to be rare or non-existent in animals.
再次，他的数据量， once again, the sheer volume of his data,
花了数千小时观察猴子， thousands of hours spent observing the monkeys,
让他发现了一个隐藏的行为 had enabled him to uncover a hidden behavior.
但他的下一个突破将取决于自然灾害 but his next breakthrough would rely on a natural disaster.
1978年，一场龙卷风摧毁了波隆纳鲁瓦 in 1978, a cyclone devastated Polonnaruwa.
50%的森林冠层消失了 50% of the forest canopy was lost.
旋风分离器的影响 the effect of the cyclone
是为了加强食品竞争 was to intensify food competition
群组内和群组间， within the groups and among the groups,
几乎同时发生 and it happened almost simultaneously
分为三群组 in three different groups.
动臂，动臂，动臂，紧接着另一个动臂， boom, boom, boom, right after the other,
它们分裂了 they fissioned, they split.
猴群分裂非常罕见 group splits are exceptionally rare.
没有人真正理解它们是如何或为什么发生的 no one really understood how or why they happened.
过去人们认为 it used to be thought
集团分裂是被煽动的 that group division is instigated
有点像是由雄性引起的 and sort of caused by males.
我们的想法是雄性之间的争执 the idea is that this dispute amongst the males
然后把雌性家庭分开， then pulls the female families apart,
并发生分组 and group division occurs.
但沃尔夫冈发现， but Wolfgang discovered,
令人惊讶的是， surprisingly,
煽动分裂的不是雄性 that it wasn't the males who instigated the splits.
飓风过后树木的缺乏 the lack of trees after the cyclone
意味着更少的食物 meant less food.
所以被排斥的低级别雌性 so the ostracized low-rank females
吃得更少了 were getting even less to eat.
所以它们组成了小帮派 so they formed small gangs
并离开了主要猴群 and moved away from the main group.
其他下属雌性跟进， other subordinate females followed,
一个新的弱势猴群开始形成 and a new group of underdogs began to form.
只是在几场小混战之后， it was only then, after a few minor scuffles,
雄性要么和高级雌性呆在一起 that the males either stayed with the high-ranking females
或者加入低级分裂组织 or joined the low-ranking splinter group.
雌性的作用以前被忽视了 the role of females had previously been ignored
被科学家忽视 by scientists.
但沃尔夫冈的数据揭示了它们的真正意义 but Wolfgang's data revealed their true significance.
实际上是雌性 it is actually the females
煽动集团分裂 that instigate group division
并将其贯彻到底 and that carry it through.
雄性是一种被动的追随者 the males are sort of passive followers.
再一次， once again,
沃尔夫冈正在颠覆公认的科学， Wolfgang was turning accepted science on its head,
对社会进化的新认识， shedding new light on social evolution,
揭示一个更加复杂的社会 revealing a far more complex society
比任何人想象的都多 than anyone had thought.
猕猴生活在一个世界里 the macaques inhabited a world
这可能与我们的没有太大不同 that was perhaps not so different from ours.
对于电影制作人来说，这是一个不可抗拒的机会 for filmmakers, this was an irresistible opportunity.
1997年，BBC打来电话 and in 1997, the BBC came calling.
当摄制组赶到拍摄《圣殿之队》时 when the crew arrived to film "temple troop,"
技术进步很大 techniques had advanced considerably
自从几十年前马林·帕金斯访问以来 since the visit of marlin Perkins decades before.
沃尔夫冈对猴子的了解的进步也很大 and so too had Wolfgang's knowledge of the monkeys.
与沃尔夫冈的研究团队合作， working with Wolfgang's team of researchers,
BBC捕捉到了一些非凡的行为 the BBC captured some remarkable behavior.
猕猴捕捉毛毛虫的智慧 the macaques' ingenuity fishing for caterpillars...
敌对集团之间冲突的残酷 the brutality of the clashes between rival groups...
这是它们严格等级制度的一个令人难以置信的例子 and an incredible example of their strict hierarchy.
这里，一只名叫伊梅尔达的优势雌性 here, a dominant female named Imelda
正在剥削一个名叫珀平的低级雌性 is exploiting a low-ranking female called Poppin.
绒帽猕猴有这些颊囊 the toque macaques have these cheek pouches
它们储存食物的地方 where they store food.
大多数时候没关系， most of the time that's ok,
但这也让它们面临风险 but it also puts them at risk
食物被直接从它们嘴里抢走 of having the food robbed directly from their mouth.
因为伊梅尔达滥用珀平， as Imelda abuses Poppin,
地位低下的雌性不敢反抗 the low-ranking female dares not resist.
对于伊梅尔达来说，这是一顿简单的饭 for Imelda, it's an easy meal
清楚地说明了等级的特权 and clear illustration of the privilege of rank.
用于珀平， for Poppin,
失去食物是一种耻辱，代价高昂 it's a humiliating and costly loss of food.
但不知何故，珀平还是忍了下来 but somehow, Poppin managed to endure.
在她被BBC拍摄20年后， twenty years after she was filmed by the BBC,
珀平还在这里，一位老太太 Poppin's still here, an old lady.
她的脸上有一生的痕迹 her face bears the marks of a lifetime
她的脸颊被洗劫一空 of having her cheek pouches plundered.
但在生活中获胜的方法不止一种 but there's more than one way to win in life
当你是一只猕猴的时候 when you're a macaque.
所以，珀平找到了成功的方法 so, Poppin has found a way to be successful
尽管她的地位很低 despite her low rank.
珀平采取了这种非常随意的策略 Poppin has adopted this very casual strategy
避免冲突 of keeping out of conflict.
当其他人在吃食而她被取代时， when others are feeding and she's supplanted,
她走到外围，找到了吃的东西 she goes to the periphery and she finds something to eat.
沃尔夫冈一直在跟踪珀平和伊梅尔达 Wolfgang has been following Poppin and Imelda
几十年来 for decades.
我们有超过25年的记录 we have more than 25 years of records
现在在这些动物身上， on these animals now,
你瞧，低级珀平， and, lo and behold, low-ranking Poppin,
她有更多的孙子 she's got more grandchildren
而不是一些高级动物 than some of these high-ranking animals.
英国广播公司很快带着大卫·阿滕伯勒爵士回来了 the BBC soon returned with sir David Attenborough
以猕猴为特色 to feature the macaques
在里程碑式的《哺乳动物的生活》系列中 in the landmark series "life of mammals."
大卫·阿滕伯勒：这是研究最多的 david attenborough: this is one of the most studied
一直以来的猴子群 monkey groups of all time.
过去30年， for the past 30 years,
它们的考验和磨难 已详细记录， their trials and tribulations have been recorded in detail,
这给了我们非凡的洞察力 and that has given us remarkable insight
进入它们的私人生活 into their private lives.
与专业摄制组合作 working with expert film crews
激发沃尔夫冈制作电影 inspired Wolfgang to make a film
当地居民的量身定制 tailor-made for the local population.
我们的研究对象之一 one of our study subjects
是森林组 is the forest group.
再一次， once again,
他利用与猕猴的关系 he used his relationship with the macaques
来展示它们极其复杂的社会结构 to show their remarkably complex social structure.
对于那些错过了在水坑里饮水的， for those who missed a drink at the puddle,
树洞里有水 a tree hole holds some promise of water.
但通常在猕猴社会， but typically in macaque society,
饮食等特权 privileges like eating and drinking
不是平等的权利 are not equal rights.
好斗的雄性先饮水 the pushy male drinks first.
但沃尔夫冈也想向人们展示 but Wolfgang also wanted to show people
猴子们的情况发生了多大的变化 how much things were changing for the monkeys.
猕猴无助地看着 macaques look on helplessly
因为它们的森林家园正在被摧毁 as their forest home is being destroyed.
这个雄性会怎么想？ what can this male be thinking?
多年来， over the years,
随着沃尔夫冈对猕猴的理解， as Wolfgang's appreciation for the macaques has grown,
他看到了它们森林的逐渐侵蚀 he's seen the creeping erosion of their forest.
自从他来了， since he arrived,
该地区猴群失去了50%以上的自然栖息地 the area has lost over 50% of its natural habitat.
今天，圣城是一座森林之岛 today, the sacred city is an island of forest
被村庄包围 surrounded by villages.
因为房子是在猕猴的领地上建造的， as houses were built in the macaques' territory,
足智多谋的猴子们把它们看作是公平的游戏 the resourceful monkeys saw them as fair game.
猴群这些袭击自然使人类居民感到不安 these raids naturally upset the human residents.
沃尔夫冈建议 Wolfgang's advice
就是把食物和水放在猴群够不着的地方 was to keep food and water out of their reach.
这是他今天仍在重复的信息 it's a message he is still repeating today
随着新人的到来 as new people move in
发现被吸引到自己家里的猕猴 and find macaques drawn to their houses.
人们不断向我们抱怨 people constantly complain to us
关于猴子袭击， about the monkeys raiding,
在过去的40年里，我们一直在指导， and we've given instructions for the last 40 years,
如果你不把垃圾放在后面， if you don't put your garbage out in the back,
猴子不会来的 the monkeys won't come.
它们对你的瓷砖不感兴趣 they have no interest in your tiles
或者在你的物品里 or in your belongings.
它们只是来取食物和水的 they just come for the food and the water.
如果你消除了这些来源 and if you eliminate those sources
你不会有猴子问题 you won't have a monkey problem.
非常，非常困难 very, very difficult
得到一个非常简单的概念 to get that very simple concept
理解和实施 to be understood and implemented.
人与猕猴的接触 contact between humans and macaques
正在不断增加 is constantly increasing.
人们担心它们可能患有我们可能感染的疾病 there is concern that they may have diseases we could catch.
我们开始做的事情之一 one of the things that we started to do
我们看到外面有什么疾病， is we see what kinds of diseases are out there,
它们容易受到什么影响？ what are they susceptible to?
它们的寄生虫载量是多少？ what is their parasite load?
沃尔夫冈发现了一些令人担忧的交叉点 Wolfgang has found some worrying crossover
在人类和猕猴之间 between humans and macaques.
人们经常会想， one often thinks,
我们人类，我们很容易感染疾病 we humans, we are so susceptible to catching diseases
这些野生猴子 from, you know,these wild monkeys.
我们的证据表明情况恰恰相反 well, our evidence shows that it's the other way around.
猴子正在传染疾病 the monkeys are catching diseases
来自人类及其家畜 from humans and their domestic animals.
我们在野生猴子身上没有发现弓形虫病 we don't find toxoplasmosis in wild monkeys.
你确实在那些猴子身上找到了， you do find it in those monkeys, however,
与人类居住区重叠 that overlap with human habitation
那里有猫 where there are cats.
他们从猫那里捉到的 they catch it from the cats.
隐孢子虫是另一种 cryptosporidium is another
令人讨厌的细菌性疾病 nasty sort of bacterial kind of disease
自然猕猴数量-- that the natural population
猕猴和其他灵长类动物的数量，没有 of macaques and other primatesm, don't have.
但它们与牛重叠的地方， but where they overlap with cattle,
他们就是在那里捡的 that's where they pick it up.
所以沃夫冈可以自信地说 so Wolfgang can confidently say
猕猴对我们没有威胁 the macaques pose no threat to us.
事实上，我们对它们构成了威胁 in fact,we pose a threat to them.
沃尔夫冈对猕猴的首次调查 Wolfgang's first surveys of the macaques
20世纪60年代末 in the late 1960s
找到稳定的猕猴数量， found a stable population,
出生率和死亡率完美平衡 with birth and death rates in perfect balance.
我开始研究大约500只动物 I started off studying about 500 animals.
现在，尽管受到限制 now, despite being confined
迅速缩小的森林， to a rapidly shrinking forest,
猕猴数量实际上翻了一番 the population has actually doubled.
今天，在任何一个时间点， today, at any one point in time,
有一千多种动物 it's over a thousand animals.
再一次， once again,
这些猕猴挑战了传统智慧 the macaques have defied conventional wisdom.
这一成功的线索 a clue to this success
另一个惊人的发展 lies in another surprising development.
多米群组的所有婴儿雌性 all the infant females in Domi's group
今年幸免于难 survived this year.
在某种程度上，这是个好消息 in one way, this is good news.
但这表明微妙的平衡 but it's a sign that the delicate balance
可用食物与猕猴数量动态之间的关系 between available food and population dynamics
这花了数千年的时间进化 that took thousands of years to evolve
正在移动 is shifting.
尽管栖息地不断缩小， despite shrinking habitat,
人类提供的食物 the food provided by humans
已经补偿了森林的损失 has more than compensated for the loss of the forest.
沃尔夫冈的早期记录已成为有价值的快照 Wolfgang's early records have become a valuable snapshot
曾经的猕猴生活 of how macaque life once was
在人类改变世界之前 before humans changed their world.
但这片森林里还有其他灵长类动物 but there are other primates in this forest
几乎与人类没有接触 that have almost no contact with humans.
这些是紫脸叶猴 these are the purple-faced langurs.
它们是秘密的， they are secretive,
以小群组形式在树冠上高高地生活 living high in the canopy in small groups
由一个成年雄性领导 led by a single adult male.
在森林的偏远地区， in the more remote parts of the forest,
沃尔夫冈的团队观察到了似乎是杂交的东西 Wolfgang's team have observed what seem to be hybrids...
这两个物种的特征混合在一起，就像紫色的身体 with a mix of features from both species like a purple body
有着灰叶猴特有的鬃毛 with the distinctive mane of a gray langur.
或完全灰色 or completely gray
只有一张紫叶猴的脸 with just the face of a purple leaf monkey.
沃尔夫冈相信灰色系列 Wolfgang believes the grays
正在把雄性紫脸叶猴赶出去 are forcing the male purple-faced langurs out
和雌性紫脸叶猴交配 and breeding with the females.
但它们这样做的原因尚不清楚 but why they are doing this is unclear.
杂交可以是进化在起作用 hybridization can be evolution in action.
这就是这里发生的事吗？ is that what's happening here?
猕猴也与灰叶猴互动 the macaques also interact with the gray langurs.
它们经常给远房表亲梳毛 they often groom their distant cousins.
但这似乎是一种非常片面的关系 but it seems a very one-sided relationship.
这对我们来说一直是个谜 it's always been a mystery to us.
叶猴从不报答 the langurs never reciprocate.
总是只有猕猴在梳理叶猴 it's always just the macaques grooming the langurs.
梳理是所有灵长类动物生活中至关重要的一部分 grooming is a crucial part of life for all primates.
它不仅巩固了关系， not does only does it cement relationships,
但也会在大脑中释放镇静的内啡肽 but also releases calming endorphins in the brain.
这就是为什么我们有时会看到猴子梳理其他物种， this is why we sometimes see monkeys grooming other species,
以及为什么我们人类喜欢抚摸我们的宠物 and why we humans love to stroke our pets.
但猕猴经常给叶猴梳理毛发， but the macaques groom the langurs so frequently,
这让沃尔夫冈怀疑是否还有其他事情发生 it makes Wolfgang wonder if there's something else going on.
叶猴有 the langurs have
这些前肠中的特殊细菌 these specialized bacteria in the foregut
用来分解树叶中的纤维素 that serve to break down cellulose in the leaves.
我认为猕猴 and I think the macaques
正在获得这些细菌 are picking up some of these bacteria
进入自己的消化系统， for their own digestive system,
因为它们有时也吃树叶， because every now and then, they also eat leaves,
我怀疑这就是一切的意义所在 and I suspect that's sort of, that's what it's all about.
当然，这不是一种有意识的行为 of course, this is not a conscious behavior.
猕猴不知道自己在做什么 the macaques have no idea that that's what they're doing.
但它不需要有意识， but it doesn't have to be conscious,
只要它能起作用 as long as it works somehow.
如果沃尔夫冈的直觉是对的， if Wolfgang's hunch is right,
梳理叶猴的猕猴 the macaques who groom the langurs
更善于消化树叶 are better at digesting leaves.
为了这种有益的行为 for a beneficial behavior like this
通过自然选择在种群中出现 to emerge in a population through natural selection
需要很多代人， takes many generations,
建立猕猴和叶猴之间的关系 making the relationship between the macaques and the langurs
古老的一群 an ancient one.
随着沃尔夫冈的科学论文列表的增长， as Wolfgang's list of scientific papers has grown,
他在野生动物电影摄制组中的声誉也是如此 so has his reputation amongst wildlife film crews.
多米在上面的另一个雄性是谁？ who's the other male with Domi up there?
访问沃尔夫冈和他的团队 the access Wolfgang and his team
可以给猕猴复杂的世界 can give to the complex world of the macaques
这是一个极好的机会 is a fantastic opportunity.
太棒了，2015年， so fantastic that in 2015,
猴子们得到了一个主演的角色 the monkeys landed a starring role
在迪士尼《自然》热播故事片中， in the disney nature hit feature film,
“猴子王国” "monkey kingdom."
感谢沃夫冈， thanks to Wolfgang,
没有人想研究的丑陋的猕猴 the ugly macaques that no one wanted to study
现在都出名了 are now celebrities.
当迪士尼自然公司邀请它们的大使， and when disney nature brought over their ambassadors,
沃尔夫冈遇到了地球上为数不多的人之一 Wolfgang got to meet one of the few people on earth
谁能真正理解 who can really understand what it's like
把你的一生都献给一个物种 to devote your entire life to a single species.
简·古道尔开始研究黑猩猩 jane goodall embarked on her study of chimpanzees
1960年-- in 1960--
沃尔夫冈开始研究前八年 eight years before Wolfgang began his research.
对我来说这是一种真正的特权 for me it was a real privilege
能见到沃夫冈， to be able to meet Wolfgang,
坐下来和某人谈论他的研究动物 and to sit and talk with someone about his study animals
以及动物的个性 and their personalities
还有他学到的一切 and all the things he'd learned.
他热衷于研究长期历史， he had a passion to follow the long-term history,
当然这会给你一些故事 and of course this gives you stories
你可以和别人分享 that you can share with people.
就是这样的故事 and it's these kind of stories
鼓励人们保护动物 that encourage people to protect animals
以及保护环境 and to protect the environment.
这不是科学的图表和数字 it isn't scientific graphs and figures.
谁在乎这个？ who cares about that?
我们必须偶尔提供 we have to provide them occasionally
获得学位并发表论文， to get degrees and have papers published,
但这真的不是重点， but that really isn't the point of it,
不适合我， not for me,
我想沃尔夫冈也不会 and I think not for Wolfgang either.
这是一个非凡的50年 it has been a remarkable 50 years.
但沃尔夫冈的下一步是什么？ but what is next for Wolfgang?
展望未来， looking to the future,
我希望其他人能受到启发 I hope that other people can be inspired
跟踪这些研究 to follow up on these kinds of researches.
还有一个非常强烈的需求 there's also a really strong need
有人接受保护的挑战 for someone to take up the challenge of conservation.
这是一个困难的问题 that is a tough one.
激励人们 inspiring people
可能会成为沃尔夫冈最伟大的遗产 may turn out to be Wolfgang's greatest legacy.
多年来， over the years,
他培训了50多名斯里兰卡研究人员 he has trained more than 50 Sri Lankan researchers
现在从事职业的人 who now work in careers
没有沃尔夫冈的项目，他们是无法想象的 they couldn't have imagined without Wolfgang's project.
他的研究仍在猴子们带他去收集数据的任何地方 his research still goes wherever the monkeys take him collecting data...
调查波隆纳鲁瓦的富裕世界 investigating the rich world of Polonnaruwa
就像他在过去半个世纪所做的那样 as he has done for the past half a century.
回头看，如果我不得不再做一次， looking back, if I had to do it again,
我可能还会这样做， I probably would do it again,
考虑到我是谁，我做什么，我对什么感兴趣 given who I am and what I do and what I'm interested in.
如果我没有得到猕猴， if I hadn't been given the macaques,
我不会在这里 I wouldn't be here.
我不认为其他两个物种 I don't think the other two species
会保持我的兴趣， would have kept my interest,
因为它们没有那么活跃和社交兴趣 because they're just not as active and socially interesting
就像猕猴一样 as the macaques are.
作为世界领先的猕猴权威 as the world's leading authority on macaques
悄悄地做他的事， quietly goes about his business,
是猴子们抢了风头， it's the monkeys that grab the limelight,
这正是沃尔夫冈一直想要的 which is exactly what Wolfgang always wanted.
校对翻译 chenym